HEEL PAIN
Heel pain is most often caused by plantar fasciitis -- a condition that is sometimes also called heel spur syndrome when a spur is present. Heel pain may also be due to other causes, such as a stress fracture, tendonitis, arthritis, nerve irritation, or, rarely, a cyst. Because there are several potential causes, it is important to have heel pain properly diagnosed. A foot and ankle surgeon is best trained to distinguish between all the possibilities and determine the underlying source of your heel pain.
WHAT IS PLANTAR FASCIITIS?
Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the band of tissue (the plantar fascia) that extends from the heel to the toes. In this condition, the fascia first becomes irritated and then inflamed-resulting in heel pain.
SYMPTOMS OF PLANTAR FASCIITIS
The symptoms of plantar fasciitis are:
- Pain on the bottom of the heel
- Pain that is usually worse upon arising
- Pain that increases over a period of months
People with plantar fasciitis often describe the pain as worse
when they get up in the morning or after they've been sitting for
long periods of time. After a few minutes of walking the pain
decreases, because walking stretches the fascia. For some people the
pain subsides but returns after
spending long periods of time on their feet.
CAUSES OF PLANTAR FASCIITIS
The most common cause of plantar fasciitis relates to faulty
structure of the foot. For example, people who have problems
with their arches—either overly flat feet or high-arched
feet—are more prone to developing plantar fasciitis.
Wearing non-supportive footwear on hard, flat surfaces puts
abnormal strain on the plantar fascia and can also lead to
plantar fasciitis. This is particularly evident when a person's
job requires long hours on their feet. Obesity also contributes
to plantar fasciitis.
DIAGNOSIS
To arrive at a diagnosis, the foot and ankle surgeon will obtain your medical history and examine your foot. Throughout this process the surgeon rules out all the possible causes for your heel pain other than plantar fasciitis.
In addition, diagnostic imaging studies such as x-rays, a bone scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to distinguish the different types of heel pain. Sometimes heel spurs are found in patients with plantar fasciitis, but these are rarely a source of pain. When they are present, the condition may be diagnosed as plantar fasciitis/heel spur syndrome.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Treatment of plantar fasciitis begins with first-line strategies, which you can begin at home:
- Stretching exercises. Exercises that stretch out the calf muscles help ease pain and assist with recovery.
- Avoid going barefoot. When you walk without shoes, you put undue strain and stress on your plantar fascia.
- Ice. Putting an ice pack on your heel for 10 minutes several times a day helps reduce inflammation. Limit activities. Cut down on extended physical activities to give your heel a rest.
- Shoe modifications. Wearing supportive shoes that have good arch support and a slightly raised heel reduces stress on the plantar fascia. Your shoes should provide a comfortable environment for the foot.
- Medications. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, may help reduce pain and inflammation.
- Lose weight. Extra pounds put extra stress on your plantar fascia.
If you still have pain after several weeks, see your foot and ankle surgeon, who may add one or more of these approaches:
- Padding and strapping. Placing pads in the shoe softens the impact of walking. Strapping helps support the foot and reduce strain on the fascia.
- Orthotic devices. Custom orthotic devices that fit into your shoe help correct the underlying structural abnormalities causing the plantar fasciitis.
- Injection therapy. In some cases, corticosteroid injections are used to help reduce the inflammation and relieve pain.
- Removable walking cast. A removable walking cast may be used to keep your foot immobile for a few weeks to allow it to rest and heal.
- Night splint. Wearing a night splint allows you to maintain an extended stretch of the plantar fascia while sleeping. This may help reduce the morning pain experienced by some patients.
- Physical therapy. Exercises and other physical therapy measures may be used to help provide relief.
Although most patients with plantar fasciitis respond to non-surgical treatment, a small percentage of patients may require surgery. If, after several months of non-surgical treatment, you continue to have heel pain, surgery will be considered. Your foot and ankle surgeon will discuss the surgical options with you and determine which approach would be most beneficial for you.
LONG-TERM CARE
No
matter what kind of treatment you undergo for plantar fasciitis,
the underlying causes that led to this condition may remain.
Therefore, you will need to continue with preventive measures.
If you are overweight, it is important to reach and maintain an
ideal weight. For all patients, wearing supportive shoes and
using custom orthotic devices are the mainstay of long-term
treatment for plantar fasciitis.
© 1994 The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
